Assistant Professor of Medicine, Genetics, Oncology and. Radiation Oncology International Journal of Plant Genomics (Guest co-editor). Strides will acquire and build out the former Endo Pharmaceutical plant, The new teaching laboratories includes spaces for genetics and molecular. National Genetics Resources Program. Sec. Amendments to the Plant Variety Protection Act. Sec. or the Plant Protection Act (7 U.S.C. et seq.);. RAIDERS BRONCOS BETTING ODDS

Narrow sense heritability h2 ranged from 0. We propose that pupal size genetics in Drosophila could represent a model complex trait amenable to deep genetic dissection using the automated system described. Phenotypic traits with low heritability do not generally require additional explanation as to why quantitative trait loci QTL cannot be robustly identified.

However, while traits with high heritability increase the power to identify causative loci, the genetic architecture of traits remains a key factor in predicting success in identifying QTL. For example, a highly heritable trait that is dependent on a large number of interacting alleles or loci may still require substantial sample sizes and complex analyses to identify causative loci Visscher et al. However, the identification of the loci involved, and any interactions among them, has proven far from trivial, and successes to date have been dependent on utilizing very large data sets [up to , individuals Wood et al.

Although studies of human height represent a valuable model with which to test how complex heritable phenotypes can be dissected, the ability to experimentally control allele frequencies and environmental conditions would be a valuable capacity that is not possible in human studies. While this is a possibility in model organisms, there are relatively few morphological traits that have been robustly demonstrated to be both highly heritable and amenable to automated high throughput phenotyping though see below.

The utility of automated phenotyping systems for a wide variety of organisms has increased greatly over the last 10 yr. While automated morphological phenotyping systems have been developed for Drosophila, as yet only automation analysis of images of wings has been widely employed Houle et al. However, acquiring the wing images requires manual manipulation to position flies individually and so is difficult to scale up. Likewise, a system to measure heartbeat function requires that each fly be manipulated into position.

An alternative approach to phenotyping in a selection experiment for gross body size was achieved using a series of graduated sieves Turner et al. This requires no user manipulation of individual flies and is nondestructive. Our setup uses an inexpensive camera in a light-proof box and the open source image analysis software Cellprofiler, with which a single user can phenotype pupae in a day. Pupae are photographed in situ on flattened squares of transparent film that lined the entire vertical surface of the vials.

We demonstrate how the system can be used to 1 measure panels of recombinant inbred lines RILs , and 2 generate large numbers of parent offspring trios that are particularly useful in exploring complex traits using artificial selection techniques.

Furthermore, the increased throughput facilitates exploring the heritability of family means rather than single individual measurements, which are associated with increased measurement variance. Hence, pupal size could become a model phenotype that will allow deep dissection of its genetic architecture, since the availability of automated phenotyping will allow to screen very large mapping panels, or to design new complex mapping strategies.

Materials and Methods Fly stocks The automated phenotyping system was applied to two independent datasets. These RILs are all originally derived from a cross between eight global stocks of D. Narrow sense heritability, h2, for the eight-way dataset was estimated by measuring the progeny of 67 single pair matings between individuals from 11 different RILs that spanned the full range of phenotype measurements IDs of crossed stocks are given in Supplemental Material, File S5 ; six of the 67 crosses are duplicates also indicated in File S5.

Narrow sense heritability, h2, was estimated by measuring the progeny of single pair matings from the 2nd to 6th generation where phenotyped parents were selected randomly from different vials to form subsequent generations. The following number of single pairs were measured in each generation [G2, 15 pairs], [G3, 81 pairs], [G4, 78 pairs], [G5, 88 pairs], and [G6, pairs]. No duplicate vials were generated from the same mating pair.

Note that, unlike the eight-way dataset, levels of heterozygosity in the parents and their offspring are likely to be similar. H2 estimates of the four-way dataset were generated by measuring 83 RILs established from the four-way cross by generation 37 see File S5 for stock IDs. Details of all progenitor stocks of the four-way, and four-way datasets with estimates of their pupal length, are given in Table S1.

Image acquisition Flies were maintained on standard food dispensed into A more detailed description of the entire procedure and equipment set up is provided as File S1. A custom printed semitransparent label, including a unique barcode, was affixed to the outside of each vial. Adults were removed after one to two nights in vials sometimes three to four nights, if fertility appeared to be low, or due to holidays. Generally, by the 10th day after the parents were initially introduced, the majority of offspring in the vials were present as pupae attached to the transparent film; few if any larvae remained in the food.

The film from each vial was removed, and placed into a purpose-made plastic frame this frame can be 3D printed using a file provided as File S2 that holds the film flat for photographing. Food from the lower part of the film was scraped away and any larvae, or any white puparium stage P1 , removed. A graft was considered leafed-out when the first leaf separated from the bud.

The earlier in the spring a tree leafs-out, the more susceptible it is to late spring frost damage to expanding buds and leaves. New growth of black walnut is particularly sensitive to frost damage. While it has been determined that date of leafing has little relationship to growth or form, it is important if the grower is interested in nut production. Flowers which produce the nut are borne on the new growth. If this new growth is frost-killed, so is the nut crop.

Anthracnose Resistance Anthracnose resistance was a subjectively rated trait using a system similar to the stem form rating with 1 representing a tree having little or no infection; 2, slight infection, leaf lesions evident but only a few leaves fallen and no rachis fall; 3, average leaf lesions and leaf fall, some rachis fall; 4, serious leaf and rachis fall; and 5, a tree having nearly total defoliation on the date of observation.

Anthracnose resistance data were taken in early to mid- September. Anthracnose is a leaf disease which prematurely defoliates black walnut. However analysis indicates that little growth reduction is sustained from early defoliation by anthracnose. The only significant effect of anthracnose may be on proper ripening and filling of the nut. Nut Production While nut production has not been a primary objective of the genetic improvement program, several clones have significantly greater nut production at an early age than others.

A few clones have produced very few, if any, nuts. These may be desirable under certain circumstances yards and parks where messy nuts are not attractive. Also, they place their photosynthetic productivity into wood rather than flowers and nuts. Comparison among Patented Clones Purdue 1 in most respects is the most outstanding of the patents. It has rapid growth, even on some poorer sites. Straightness is excellent - the straightest observed in any young black walnut clone, and it has a tendency to straighten without help after wind, frost, or insect damage.

Nut production begins early - usually by age 3 or 4. Purdue 1 is an annual bearer of abundant crops with nut set on lateral shoots, a rare occurrence in black walnut. The only negative features include some susceptibility to anthracnose and a slightly earlier than normal leafing date.

Purdue 2 has rapid growth, but below average straightness. It leafs out a week later than average, a desirable trait. If a nut crop is not necessary, Purdue 2 is a good choice. Purdue 3 combines rapid growth and good straightness with very late leafing and favorable anthracnose resistance characteristics. While the nut crop is light and erratic from year to year, this is another good all-around tree.

Knox 1 is noted for rapid growth, heavy annual nut crops, and good anthracnose resistance, but is below average in straightness. It is susceptible to late spring frosts since it leafs out nearly a week earlier than average. Lawrence 1 has very rapid growth, good straightness, and excellent anthracnose resistance.

Its nut crop is abundant but tends toward alternate-year bearing. Lawrence 2, while not so fast-growing as some of the other patents, is uniquely suited to plantation culture. First, it is extremely straight, and second, it is fairly short with a large diameter. This produces a tree that is very firmly anchored and is not wind damaged. Lawrence 2 also has very good anthracnose resistance and is an outstanding annual nut-bearer. Tippecanoe 1 is the fastest growing of all the patented trees.

It has good straightness but is somewhat anthracnose susceptible and produces very few nuts. Fayette 1 is fast-growing, has average straightness, and abundant but alternate-year nut-bearing characteristics. Its most outstanding feature is unusually strong anthracnose resistance.

Fayette 2 was patented for its nut production. Otherwise, it has a relatively slow growth rate and very poor straightness. It has good anthracnose resistance and is very late to leaf out. Nuts are produced annually in great abundance by age 3 or 4, and clusters on spur-type lateral shoots contain up to 6 nuts. It would be highly speculative to estimate yields and economic returns from plantations of these cultivars with the limited data available at present.

These black walnut cultivars have been released with less scientific performance testing than is normally expected for agronomic and horticultural varieties. But comparable testing of the species such as black walnut would require major expenditures of funds and fifty or more years in time.

Thus, we decided to release the cultivars without specific performance data or predicted gains. Regretfully, only time can provide the data on which to base longterm growth and yield predictions.

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To pursue a career as a plant geneticist: The following high school courses are recommended: agricultural education, a focus on sciences, chemistry and biology, and mathematics. Where can I work? Plant geneticists can work for agricultural seed and chemical companies. Some also work in the university setting conducting research and teaching.

There is also opportunity to work in the non-profit sector conducting research to benefit those in areas where it is difficult to grow plants and crops. To pursue a career as a plant geneticist: The following high school courses are recommended: agricultural education, a focus on sciences, chemistry and biology, and mathematics.

Where can I work? Plant geneticists can work for agricultural seed and chemical companies. Some also work in the university setting conducting research and teaching. There is also opportunity to work in the non-profit sector conducting research to benefit those in areas where it is difficult to grow plants and crops.

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