Investing op amp wikipedia dictionary

investing op amp wikipedia dictionary

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Flashing[ edit ] Flashing LEDs are used as attention seeking indicators without requiring external electronics.

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This constitutes a transconductance amplifier , turning a differential voltage signal at the bases of Q1, Q2 into a current signal into the base of Q It entails two cascaded transistor pairs, satisfying conflicting requirements. The first stage consists of the matched NPN emitter follower pair Q1, Q2 that provide high input impedance. The output sink transistor Q20 receives its base drive from the common collectors of Q15 and Q19; the level-shifter Q16 provides base drive for the output source transistor Q The transistor Q22 prevents this stage from delivering excessive current to Q20 and thus limits the output sink current.

Transistor Q16 outlined in green provides the quiescent current for the output transistors, and Q17 limits output source current. Biasing circuits[ edit ] Provide appropriate quiescent current for each stage of the op amp.

A supply current for a typical of about 2 mA agrees with the notion that these two bias currents dominate the quiescent supply current. Differential amplifier[ edit ] The biasing circuit of this stage is set by a feedback loop that forces the collector currents of Q10 and Q9 to nearly match.

Input bias current for the base of Q1 resp. At the same time, the magnitude of the quiescent current is relatively insensitive to the characteristics of the components Q1—Q4, such as hfe, that would otherwise cause temperature dependence or part-to-part variations. Through some[ vague ] mechanism, the collector current in Q19 tracks that standing current. Output amplifier[ edit ] In the circuit involving Q16 variously named rubber diode or VBE multiplier , the 4.

Then the VCB must be about 0. This small standing current in the output transistors establishes the output stage in class AB operation and reduces the crossover distortion of this stage. Small-signal differential mode[ edit ] A small differential input voltage signal gives rise, through multiple stages of current amplification, to a much larger voltage signal on output.

Input impedance[ edit ] The input stage with Q1 and Q3 is similar to an emitter-coupled pair long-tailed pair , with Q2 and Q4 adding some degenerating impedance. The input impedance is relatively high because of the small current through Q1-Q4. The common mode input impedance is even higher, as the input stage works at an essentially constant current. This differential base current causes a change in the differential collector current in each leg by iinhfe.

This portion of the op amp cleverly changes a differential signal at the op amp inputs to a single-ended signal at the base of Q15, and in a way that avoids wastefully discarding the signal in either leg. To see how, notice that a small negative change in voltage at the inverting input Q2 base drives it out of conduction, and this incremental decrease in current passes directly from Q4 collector to its emitter, resulting in a decrease in base drive for Q On the other hand, a small positive change in voltage at the non-inverting input Q1 base drives this transistor into conduction, reflected in an increase in current at the collector of Q3.

An operational amplifier op amp is a DC coupled high gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single ended output. A simplified schematic notation is used, and the reader is reminded that many details such as device selection and power supply connections are not shown. Unlike the traditional op amp, it has two additional biasing inputs … Wikipedia Current-feedback operational amplifier — Representative schematic of a current feedback op amp or amplifier. The current feedback operational amplifier otherwise known as CfoA or CfA is a type of electronic amplifier whose inverting input is sensitive to current, rather than to voltage… … Wikipedia Miller theorem — refers to the process of creating equivalent circuits.

It asserts that a floating impedance element supplied by two voltage sources connected in series may be split into two grounded elements with corresponding impedances. There is also a dual… … Wikipedia Virtual ground — In the theory of electrical networks, a virtual ground or virtual earth is a node of the circuit that is maintained at a steady reference potential, without being connected directly to the reference potential.